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ouword{var newwords;newwords = unescapewords;document.writenewwords;} ouword; 1 引言 溫度控制閥是一種不需要外接能源,而由熱敏元件吸收調(diào)節(jié)對象的能量并將之轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能,按照一定的調(diào)節(jié)規(guī)律工作的自動溫度控制器。由于其良好的感溫性能,能在較低的感應(yīng)滯后量條件下,按照設(shè)定的調(diào)節(jié)規(guī)律進(jìn)行單向或多向工作,滿足閥門單向調(diào)節(jié)及多向分流的工況,已在熱電、核電、鋼鐵、石化等行業(yè)廣泛的使用,可以替代溫度控制中的電動、液壓、氣動和磁力調(diào)節(jié)閥門。 在自力式溫度控制閥門中,一類是直接依靠熱敏元件內(nèi)感溫材料的膨脹力驅(qū)動閥門開啟,特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,但是,調(diào)節(jié)閥關(guān)閉力受調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)的壓力影響較大,閥位隨壓力波動而有所波動,溫度控制精度受到限制。另一類則是應(yīng)用熱敏元件控制一個(gè)指揮器,并由指揮器操作調(diào)節(jié)閥工作。此類自力式溫度控制閥的工作動力不僅是熱敏元件吸收的動能,還有調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)的動能。熱敏元件僅控制一個(gè)指揮器的輸出信號,負(fù)載較小,元件使用壽命長,但對調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)要求較高。在調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)純凈的環(huán)境中,使用此類閥門可有效地提高控溫精度。 自力式溫度控制閥調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的核心組件為熱敏元件和調(diào)節(jié)彈簧,在濟(jì)南煉油廠,科研人員選用ti-ni系形狀記憶合金作為熱敏元件,并對調(diào)節(jié)彈簧進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),開發(fā)了一種新型的溫控調(diào)節(jié)閥門,目前已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在動力、催化、聚丙烯等車間,替代同類型的國外進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品,達(dá)到*水平。 2 熱敏元件的設(shè)計(jì) 形狀記憶合金具有感溫和驅(qū)動兩種功能,是一種性能優(yōu)良的熱敏材料。溫度變化時(shí),合金元件產(chǎn)生動作的來源是基于合金中發(fā)生的母相與馬氏體之間的正、逆轉(zhuǎn)變,這種轉(zhuǎn)變是一種無擴(kuò)散的切變過程,并且在轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí),兩相始終保持共格關(guān)系,即熱彈性馬氏體。它具有單程和雙程記憶效應(yīng)。 目前發(fā)現(xiàn)具有記憶效應(yīng)的合金已有數(shù)十種之多,可投入使用的主要是ni-ti及銅基合金兩大類,其主要性能(1)見下表。 名稱 | ni-ti合金 | cuzna1合金 | 密度(g/cm3) | 6.4~6.5 | 7.7~8.0 | 電阻(10-6ωcm,與溫度有關(guān)) | 50~110 | 9~11 | 抗拉強(qiáng)度(n/m2) | 800~1000 | 400~700 | 延伸率,% | 40~50 | 10~15 | 形狀恢復(fù)率,% | | | 單程 | 6~8 | 4 | 雙程 | 4 | 1~2 | 恢復(fù)應(yīng)力(n/m2)max | 300 | 350 |
從上表可以看出,ni-ti合金性能明顯優(yōu)于cuz-na1合金,在溫度控制閥中,熱敏元件承受大載荷,故選用ni-ti合金作為感溫材料。根據(jù)溫度控制閥的工況要求,熱敏元件熱滯后量小于1℃。 3 調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的彈簧優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì) 調(diào)節(jié)彈簧是自力式溫度控制閥門中的重要組件,其性能的優(yōu)劣直接影響到閥瓣的提升和回位,由于受到交變載荷的作用,其性能參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)就顯得更為重要。本文對自力式溫度控制閥門中的彈簧進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。 彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)可采用解析數(shù)值、幾何規(guī)劃、單調(diào)分析、隨機(jī)約束和線性規(guī)劃的方法。由于線性規(guī)劃法(2)簡單、快速而且數(shù)值解穩(wěn)定,具有*解的特性,因此,本文采用線性規(guī)劃的方法進(jìn)行彈簧的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。 以彈簧鋼絲直徑d,中徑d和工作圈數(shù)n為設(shè)計(jì)變量,以彈簧重量zui輕為目標(biāo)函數(shù),其強(qiáng)度和剛度、旋繞比c、設(shè)計(jì)變量的上下界為自然的約束,其數(shù)學(xué)模型如下: 設(shè)計(jì)變量 x=[x1,x2,x3]7=[ind,ind,inn]7 極小化目標(biāo)函數(shù) 強(qiáng)制約束條件 (1)強(qiáng)度: (2)剛度: (3)旋繞比: 自然約束條件 在本結(jié)構(gòu)中,調(diào)節(jié)彈簧材料為50crva鋼絲,許用剪應(yīng)力[τ]=396.9mpa,切變模量g=78.4gpa,彈簧的剛度為k=4300n/m,重度ρ=7.6×104n/m3,旋繞比c≤12,閥瓣要求zui大開度時(shí)彈簧變形=21mm,zui大f=260n,優(yōu)化結(jié)果經(jīng)圓整后為: d=3mm d=18mm n=8mm 4 結(jié)論 本文所介紹的自力式溫度控制閥選用ni-ti合金作為感溫元件,對調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)的彈簧進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),*了實(shí)際工況的需要,通過實(shí)際運(yùn)行,證明該溫度控制閥設(shè)計(jì)的合理性,可以替代同類進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品,降低生產(chǎn)成本。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 程飴萱 陳繼勤 李銘棠形狀記憶合金與熱雙金屬片特性的比較.機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與制造工程.1994(3):32~36 [2] 關(guān)春來圓柱螺旋彈簧優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的一種算法洛陽工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) 1991(12):41~44 |