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ouword{var newwords;newwords = unescapewords;document.writenewwords;} ouword; 直動式減壓閥 圖14—1a所示為直動式帶溢流閥的減壓閥簡稱溢流減壓閥的結(jié)構(gòu)圖。 壓力為p1的壓縮空氣，由左端輸入經(jīng)閥口10節(jié)流后，壓力降為p2輸出。p2的大小可由調(diào)壓彈簧2、3進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)旋鈕1，壓縮彈簧2、3及膜片5使閥芯8下移，增大閥口10的開度使p2增大。若反時針旋轉(zhuǎn)旋鈕1，閥口10的開度減小，p2隨之減小。 若p1瞬時升高，p2將隨之升高，使膜片氣室6內(nèi)壓力升高，在膜片5上產(chǎn)生的推力相應(yīng)增大，此推力破壞了原來力的平衡，使膜片5向上移動，有少部分氣流經(jīng)溢流孔12、排氣孔11排出。在膜片上移的同時，因復(fù)位彈簧9的作用，使閥芯8也向上移動，關(guān)小進(jìn)氣閥口10，節(jié)流作用加大，使輸出壓力下降，直至達(dá)到新的平衡為止，輸出壓力基本又回到原來值。若輸入壓力瞬時下降，輸出壓力也下降、膜片5下移，閥芯8隨之下移，進(jìn)氣閥口10開大，節(jié)流作用減小，使輸出壓力也基本回到原來值。逆時針旋轉(zhuǎn)旋鈕1。使調(diào)節(jié)彈簧2、3放松，氣體作用在膜片5上的推力大于調(diào)壓彈簧的作用力，膜片向上曲，靠復(fù)位彈簧的作用關(guān)閉進(jìn)氣閥口10。再旋轉(zhuǎn)旋鈕1，進(jìn)氣閥芯8的頂端與溢流閥座4將脫開，膜片氣室6中的壓縮空氣便經(jīng)溢流孔12、排氣孔11排出，使閥處于無輸出狀態(tài)。 總之，溢流減壓閥是靠進(jìn)氣口的節(jié)流作用減壓，靠膜片上力的平衡作用和溢流孔的溢流作用穩(wěn)壓；調(diào)節(jié)彈簧即可使輸出壓力在一定范圍內(nèi)改變。為防止以上溢流式減壓閥徘出少量氣體對周圍環(huán)境的污染，可采用不帶溢流閥的減壓閥即普通減壓閥，其符號如圖14—1c所示。 先導(dǎo)式減壓閥
當(dāng)減壓閥的輸出壓力較高或通徑較大時，用調(diào)壓彈簧直接調(diào)壓，則彈簧剛度必然過大，流量變化時，輸出壓力波動較大，閥的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸也將增大。為了克服這些缺點(diǎn)，可采用先導(dǎo)式減壓閥。先導(dǎo)式減壓閥的工作原理與直動式的基本相同。先導(dǎo)式減壓閥所用的調(diào)壓氣體，是由小型的直動式減壓閥供給的。若把小型直動式減壓閥裝在閥體內(nèi)部，則稱為內(nèi)部先導(dǎo)式減壓閥；若將小型直動式減壓閥裝在主閥體外部，則稱為外部先導(dǎo)式減壓閥。 圖14—2所示為內(nèi)部先導(dǎo)式減壓閥的結(jié)構(gòu)圖，與直動式減壓閥相比，該閥增加了由噴嘴4、擋板3、固定節(jié)流孔9及氣室b所組成的噴嘴擋板放大環(huán)節(jié)。當(dāng)噴嘴與擋板之間的距離發(fā)生微小變化時，就會使b室中的壓力發(fā)生根明顯的變化，從而引起膜片10有較大的位移，去控制閥芯6的上下移動，使進(jìn)氣閥口8開大或關(guān)小、提高了對閥芯控制的靈敏度，即提高了穩(wěn)壓精度。 圖14—3所示為外部先導(dǎo)式減壓閥的主閥，其工作原理與直動式相同。在主閥體外部還有一個小型直動式減壓閥圖中末示出，由它來控制主閥。此類閥適于通徑在20mm以上，遠(yuǎn)距離30m以內(nèi)、高處、危險處、調(diào)壓困難的場合。 定值器 定值器是一種高精度的減壓閥，主要用于壓力定值。目前有兩種壓力規(guī)格的定值器：其氣源壓力分別為0．14mpa和0．35mpa，輸出壓力范圍分別為0—0．1mpa和0一0．25mpa。其輸出壓力波動不大于zui大輸出壓力的1％，常用于需要供給氣源壓力和信號壓力的場合，如氣動實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備、氣動自動裝置等。 圖14—4所示為定值器的工作原理圖。它由三部分組成：1是直動式減壓閥的主閉部分；2是恒壓降裝置，相當(dāng)于一定差減壓閥。主要作用是使噴嘴得到穩(wěn)定氣源流量；3是噴嘴擋板裝置和調(diào)壓部分，起調(diào)壓和壓力放大作用，利用被它放大了的氣壓去控制主閥部分。 由于定值器具有調(diào)定、比較和放大的功能，因而穩(wěn)壓精度高。 定值器處于非工作狀態(tài)時，由氣源輸入的壓縮空氣經(jīng)過濾器1過濾后進(jìn)入a室和正室。主閥芯19在彈簧20和氣源壓力作用下壓在閥座上，使a室與b室斷開。進(jìn)入a室的氣流經(jīng)由閥口又稱為活門12至f室，再通過恒節(jié)流孔13降壓后，分別進(jìn)入g室和d室。由于這時尚未對膜片8加力，擋板5與噴嘴4之間的間距較大，氣體從噴嘴4流出時的氣流阻力較小，g室及d室的氣壓較低，膜片3及15保持原始位置。進(jìn)入只室的微量氣體主要經(jīng)b室通過閥口2從排氣口排出；另有一部分從輸出口排空。此時輸出口無氣流輸出，由噴嘴流出而排空微量氣體是維持噴嘴擋板裝置工作所必須的，因其為無功耗氣量，所以希望其耗量越小越好。 定值器處于工作狀態(tài)時，轉(zhuǎn)動手柄7，壓下彈簧6并推動膜片8連同擋板5一同下移、擋板5與噴嘴4的間距縮小，氣流阻力增加，使g室和d室的氣壓升高。膜片16在d室氣壓的作用下下移，將閥口2關(guān)閉，并向下推動主閥芯19，打開閥口，壓縮空氣經(jīng)b室和h室由輸出口輸出。與此同時，h室壓力上升并反饋到膜片8上，當(dāng)膜片8所受反饋?zhàn)饔昧εc彈簧力平衡時，定值器便輸出一定壓力的氣體。當(dāng)輸入壓力波動時，如壓力上升，b室和h室氣壓瞬時增高、使膜片8上移，導(dǎo)致?lián)醢?與噴嘴4之間的間距加大，g室和d室的氣壓下降。由于b室壓力增高，d室壓力下降，膜片15在壓差的作用下向上移動，使主閥口減小，輸出壓力下降，直到穩(wěn)定到調(diào)定壓力上。此外，在輸入壓力上升時，e室壓力和f室瞬時壓力也上升，膜片3在上下差壓的作用下上移，關(guān)小穩(wěn)壓閥口12。由于節(jié)流作用加強(qiáng)，f室氣壓下降，始終保持節(jié)流孔13的前后壓差恒定，故通過節(jié)流孔13的氣體流量不變，使噴嘴擋板的靈敏度得到提高。當(dāng)輸入壓力降低時，b室和h室的壓力瞬時下降，膜片8連同擋板5由于受力平衡破壞而下移，噴嘴4與擋板5間間距減小，g室和d室壓力上升，膜片3和15下移。膜片15下移使主閥口開度加大，使b室及h室氣壓回升，直到與調(diào)定壓力平衡為止。而膜片3下移，使穩(wěn)壓口12開大，f室氣壓上升，始終保持恒節(jié)流孔13前后壓差恒定。同理，當(dāng)輸出壓力波動時，將與輸入壓力波動時得到同樣的調(diào)節(jié)。 由于定值器利用輸出壓力的反饋?zhàn)饔煤蛧娮鞊醢宓姆糯笞饔每刂浦鏖y，使其能對較小的壓力變化作出反應(yīng)，從而使輸出壓力得到及時調(diào)節(jié)，保持出口壓力基本穩(wěn)定，即定值穩(wěn)壓精度較高。 二、減壓閥的基本性能 1調(diào)壓范圍：它是指減壓閥輸出壓力p2的可調(diào)范圍，在此范圍內(nèi)要求達(dá)到規(guī)定的精度。調(diào)壓范圍主要與調(diào)壓彈簧的剛度有關(guān)。 2壓力特性：它是指流量g為定值時，因輸入壓力波動而引起輸出壓力波動的特性。輸出壓力波動越小，減壓閥的特性越好。輸出壓力必須低于輸入壓力—定值才基本上不隨輸入壓力變化而變化。 3流量特性：它是指輸入壓力—定時，輸出壓力隨輸出流量g的變化而變化的持性。當(dāng)流量g發(fā)生變化時，輸出壓力的變化越小越好。一般輸出壓力越低，它隨輸出流量的變化波動就越小。 三、減壓閥的選用 根據(jù)使用要求選定減壓閥的類型和調(diào)壓精度，再根據(jù)所需zui大輸出流量選擇其通徑。決定閥的氣源壓力時，應(yīng)使其大于zui高輸出壓力0．1mpa。減壓閥一般安裝在分水濾氣器之后，油霧器或定值器之前，并注意不要將其進(jìn)、出口接反；閥不用時應(yīng)把旋鈕放松，以免膜片經(jīng)常受壓變形而影響其性能。 | 會員1.png)
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