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ouword{var newwords;newwords = unescapewords;document.writenewwords;} ouword; 3.4在制造、安裝及檢驗方面的要求對比 俄、美兩個規(guī)范體系在核電閥門的制造、安裝要求上基本上是相當?shù)?,但在檢驗要求上差異較大,如:ott-87對于閥門零、部件的制造從表面粗糙度、加工硬度及檢驗等方面規(guī)定了具體的要求。俄規(guī)范在某些范圍較為嚴格,例如:在核電站閥門的零件制造半成品的檢驗范圍方面,在ott中對1a、2b級閥門的要求沒有區(qū)分(與3c級有區(qū)別),而按照asme規(guī)范,對于核電站1、2級閥門的零件制造半成品的檢驗范圍方面有顯著差異。 在不同公稱通徑閥門的要求上,兩個規(guī)范系列也有極大的分別,即根據(jù)asme規(guī)范對于dn≤50閥門的無損檢驗沒有要求,對于50mm<dn<100mm的檢驗范圍較低,例如dn≤100的鑄錠不經(jīng)過x射線檢查(焊接端除外),鍛件(模鍛件)不進行超聲波檢驗,而且asme規(guī)范對入口接管名義管徑等于或小于100mm的閥門上的硬質(zhì)合金表面堆焊層不要求進行液體滲透檢驗。而ott-87對于不同公稱通徑閥門的檢驗范圍沒有區(qū)別,且無損檢驗范圍要求多于asme規(guī)范。在ott-87中實際上所有級別閥門的零件都進行各種檢驗,還設置了asme規(guī)范中缺少的一些檢驗程序,例如奧氏體鋼零件的鐵素體含量的檢驗。 按照ott-87,所有級別閥門的主緊固件的檢驗范圍都相當廣泛,而asme規(guī)范,對小于25mm的緊固件零件除目視檢查外都不檢驗。按照俄羅斯標準文件,對緊固件的要求在規(guī)范γoct23304和γoct20700中有規(guī)定,與asme規(guī)范規(guī)定的檢驗程序(超聲波檢驗、液體滲透檢驗或磁粉檢驗)一樣,規(guī)范γoct23304不僅要求對緊固件半成品進行超聲波檢驗,而且還要求asme規(guī)范中缺少的一系列檢驗程序;如光譜儀檢驗、脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的確定、脫碳層深度檢驗等等。 ott-87在附錄12對堆焊硬質(zhì)合金的密封表面質(zhì)量提出了很嚴格的要求,在ott-87的12.2條中詳細說明了毛細檢驗時不允許的堆焊缺陷。 錘擊在一般工程中被廣泛用于減少焊接變形,但是由于錘擊會帶來冷作硬化,影響焊縫金屬的力學性能,所以在重要工程中應加以限制。在asmeiii中對錘擊作出了明確的限制規(guī)定,但俄規(guī)范沒有提及這方面的要求。 3.5 在閥門出廠試驗和鑒定試驗方面的要求對比 3.5.1關于出廠試驗 ott-87在11.6條中規(guī)定了閥門的移交驗收試驗(相當于出廠試驗),在移交驗收試驗中,每件閥門產(chǎn)品應由制造廠進行外觀檢查并經(jīng)受以下試驗: (1)介質(zhì)壓力下閥門零件和焊縫的強度和氣密性試驗; (2)行程上的工作能力和平穩(wěn)性試驗; (3)閥瓣、閥桿上的密封(如果試驗之后不替換密封)、閥體-閥蓋接合面、上部密封的密封性試驗(對于從填料函空間可控泄漏的閥門)以及其它密封性試驗; (4)相對外部介質(zhì)的真空氣密性試驗(對于工作壓力<0.1 mpa的閥門和波紋管閥門)。 而美標準ansi b16.34在第7節(jié)中規(guī)定了殼體試驗和閥門密封試驗要求,并在asmeiiinb6000中規(guī)定了水壓試驗要求,兩個規(guī)范體系關于閥門出廠試驗的要求基本類似,有以下幾點差異: (1)俄規(guī)定用壓力進行的強度和密封性水壓試驗,應不低于“008設置及安全運行規(guī)范"5.2.1條規(guī)定的要求,水壓試驗壓力應不低于以下公式所確定的值: ph=khp[δ]th/[δ]t(下限) 在上列公式中,閥門k=1.25;p為工廠試驗時的設計壓力或安裝后運行過程中試驗時的工作壓力:[δ]th是殼體零件水壓試驗溫度th下的額定許用應力;[δ]t是閥門殼體零件設計溫度t下的額定許用應力。 而美asmeⅲnb6220要求水壓試驗壓力值不低于1.25倍設備設計壓力。由于一般情況下[δ]th>[δ]t,顯然俄水壓試驗壓力低限高于美標準。 關于水壓試驗溫度,asmeⅲ nb6212建議水壓試驗溫度取在脆性破壞zui小可能發(fā)生的溫度,按美標準ansisp-61,b16.34水壓試驗溫度應不高于125℉(52℃)。 按俄“008設置及安全運行規(guī)范",不銹鋼閥門的水壓試驗溫度應不低于5℃,其中包括對材料屈服極限小于295mpa、壁厚不大于25mm的碳鋼閥門和材料屈服極限小于590mpa、壁厚不大于16mm的碳鋼閥門。對于其它碳鋼閥門,水壓試驗溫度應高于脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度(tk0),tk0的數(shù)值應在設計文件中規(guī)定并在制造中驗證,也可以按“002強度計算規(guī)范"給定的方法確定。美國標準沒有明確水壓試驗的溫度低限,只規(guī)定了高限125℉(52℃);俄規(guī)范根據(jù)材料性能確定水壓試驗溫度低限,比較符合閥門的使用條件; (2)閥瓣的密封性按照美國標準sp-61,試驗用水在閥瓣壓差為2.2~2.5p(壓力等級)時進行,并按補充要求620kpa的空氣進行。試驗時的zui大允許泄漏為: ①在額定直徑的每一英寸水為 10cm3/h; ②在額定直徑的每一英寸空氣為2.83×103cm3/h。 在俄羅斯試驗閥座的密封性按標準γoct9544指導進行。按其要求一般來說,dn≤300的所有閥門(滿足俄“008設置及安全運行規(guī)范")應為“b"級密封;dn>300的閥門為“c"級密封。按這樣的標準,對dn在300以下閥門的密封性,用水試驗時比美標準sp-61高10倍,用空氣試驗時高100倍;而對dn大于300的閥門,用水試驗的密封要求高4倍,用空氣高10倍[6]; (3)關于真空氣密性試驗,美國標準文件沒有明確類似試驗。 按照俄羅斯標準(ott-8712.3.13),用于氣體介質(zhì)工作的閥門,應在裝配時用空氣在工作壓力下對零件、焊縫和連接處的密封性進行額外試驗。產(chǎn)品在壓力下的持續(xù)時間dn小于(包括)100mm應不少于2min;dn從100mm~300mm的不少于3min;dn大于300mm的不少于5min。 除此以外,閥桿采用波紋管密封的所有閥門進行連接處密封性(真空密封性)和材料相對外部介質(zhì)的密封性檢驗。 3.5.2關于閥門的鑒定試驗 美標準ansib16.41詳細規(guī)定了核電廠動力操作能動閥門裝置的功能鑒定要求,包括樣機閥門的鑒定試驗內(nèi)容和試驗樣機的選擇原則。而俄羅斯沒有這樣的標準文件,僅在ott-8711.5條中對樣機閥門規(guī)定按γoct15.001-88經(jīng)受驗收試驗(類似鑒定試驗),并對在產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)或制造工藝過程改變,而且這些改變會影響產(chǎn)品的工藝性能時,要求進行型式試驗,但沒有規(guī)定型式試驗的具體內(nèi)容。通過與俄閥門專家多次交流有關試驗方面的問題,了解到俄對于包括樣機閥門的驗收試驗、制造過程中閥門的定期試驗和型式試驗在內(nèi)的要求大都在閥門技術(shù)條件和試驗大綱中提交。 在美標準ansib16.41附錄j中,規(guī)定了用于樣機閥門的選擇方法和試驗結(jié)論可延伸的產(chǎn)品,其中包括閥門的公稱通徑dn,應在公稱通徑為樣機閥門的0.5倍到2.0倍延伸,而公稱壓力為0.9倍到2.0倍的范圍內(nèi)延伸試驗結(jié)論。 俄羅斯沒有選擇樣機閥門方法的指導文件,但必須遵守“樣機閥門試驗大綱"。此大綱由專門機構(gòu)批準,機構(gòu)代表是進行試驗委員會的組成部分,委員會主席總是由業(yè)主代表擔任。在“樣機閥門試驗大綱"中確定樣機閥門、對樣機閥門進行的試驗和試驗結(jié)論延伸到其它產(chǎn)品的方法。文獻[6]中指出,俄通常有以下指導觀點:試驗結(jié)論只能延伸到同一系列壓力、結(jié)構(gòu)上類似的產(chǎn)品,以及同一通徑不同公稱直徑的閥門,例如對于dn25mm的閥門的試驗結(jié)論可延伸到通徑相同的dn20和32mm;dn50mm的閥門延伸到通徑相同的dn40和dn65mm等。 在俄標準中沒有明確規(guī)定試驗閥門結(jié)論延伸的觀點,而美標準則詳細具體,易于操作執(zhí)行。 3.5.3 關于抗震試驗 參考文獻[6]中俄閥門專家闡明,確定產(chǎn)品自振頻率的試驗,俄羅斯標準pд2.6-07-28與美國標準ansib16.41的要求類似,區(qū)別在于按俄羅斯標準,產(chǎn)品自振頻率不僅在閥門中充入介質(zhì)時來確定,還應在沒有介質(zhì)時確定,在確定共振頻率時也是如此。按美國標準,共振的特征被認為是閥門(執(zhí)行機構(gòu))中頻率增加為激振頻率的3倍(在臺架平臺上),而俄羅斯標準為2倍或更高。 根據(jù)ott-87,閥門的抗震通過計算和試驗的方法確定(ott-87 7.6條),而工作能力(抗震性)只能用試驗方法。 在美ansib16.41中闡述了自振頻率≥33hz的核電站閥門的試驗方法,推薦在靜態(tài)并在電動執(zhí)行機構(gòu)支架區(qū)域附加一個荷載進行試驗,這個荷載可在更小的硬性平面處引起zui大的彎曲應力。 自振頻率低于33hz的閥門的抗震試驗規(guī)定按標準ieee.382進行。在臺架上固定被試驗的產(chǎn)品,在三維垂直平面上建立從2~35hz的激振,掃描速度不超過1min1個倍頻程,這樣平面的zui小激振不高于標準ieee-382圖6中規(guī)定的m水平的2/3。 在ott-877.6條和pд26-07-28中規(guī)定這個值約為30m/s2。 在一個周期的每一個共振頻率上,諧波(正弦波)作用的時間為:按標準ieee-382為15s;按pд26-07-28為20s。 可以這樣認為,俄、美兩國標準在閥門抗震試驗方面沒有大的差異[6]。 4 結(jié)論和建議 通過以上對比論述可見,俄2級閥門的規(guī)范要求在許多方面與asme1級閥門的規(guī)范要求還是相當?shù)模械纳踔羾烙赼sme規(guī)范要求。如與一回路冷卻劑接觸閥門部件的鈷含量限制、閥門可靠性指標、零件制造半成品的無損檢驗范圍方面以及真空氣密性試驗等。但asme規(guī)范對1級閥門的要求也有優(yōu)于或嚴于俄規(guī)范的地方,如安全閥的啟閉整定壓力、安全閥整定壓力的正負容差范圍、閥門電動執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的鑒定要求、閥門的鑒定試驗等。 顯然,俄、美兩個規(guī)范體系的要求各有高低,在核電閥門的材料、設計、制造、安裝、檢驗及試驗方面的技術(shù)要求存在不少差異。因此,俄羅斯的“俄2級閥門與asme1級閥門等同"的結(jié)論不能成立,不能根據(jù)此結(jié)論將俄2級閥門全部提高到asme1級閥門來操作,應根據(jù)實際設計情況,具體分析控制是否有必要提高閥門級別,以保證采購閥門的合理性和經(jīng)濟性。 對于未來與俄羅斯合作的核領域項目,若采用以俄規(guī)范為主、西方采購設備的方式,則應參考前述俄2級閥門和asme1級閥門的主要技術(shù)要求差異和俄、美規(guī)范體系的異同分析,建議在設備技術(shù)規(guī)格書中重點關注或補充以下幾方面內(nèi)容。 4.1 與一回路冷卻劑接觸的設備材料中鈷含量的限制 由于co在中子輻照后形成半衰期很長的放射性核素58co(半衰期72天)和60co(半衰期5.2年),尤其是當它們從材料中釋放出來,沉積到堆外的回路部件上,給檢修時的操作帶來麻煩,所以對與一回路冷卻劑接觸的設備材料應嚴格控制鈷含量。俄ott-87規(guī)定“在部件與一回路冷卻劑接觸面積大于0.01m2的不銹鋼閥門中,限制鈷含量為0.2%"是很嚴格的,建議設計采用俄規(guī)范要求或盡量使用無鈷材料。 4.2 電氣部件的鑒定分類和防護等級要求 美標準ieee-382、法國rcc-e標準及我國ej/t1022.11-96標準,對閥門電動執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的鑒定和防護劃分為k1、k2、k3三種,要求電氣元件應承受輻照老化、熱老化、濕熱老化等條件考驗,高于俄規(guī)范ip55、ip44的等級要求,建議對設備的電氣部件參照美ieee系列標準進行鑒定和防護。 4.3 部件的無損檢驗范圍和要求 由于asme規(guī)范對于dn≤50mm閥門和管道的無損檢驗沒有要求,對小于25mm的緊固件零件除目視檢查外都不檢驗,對入口接管名義管徑等于或小于100mm的閥門上的硬質(zhì)合金表面堆焊層,不進行液體滲透檢驗。而俄規(guī)范檢驗范圍廣泛且設置了as規(guī)范中缺少的一些檢驗程序,例如奧氏體鋼零件的鐵素體含量的檢驗、光譜儀檢驗、脫碳層深度檢驗等,所以在設備規(guī)格書中應根據(jù)具體情況補充考慮這些檢驗要求。 4.4安全閥整定值和整定壓力容差 從前述3.3節(jié)第(1)條對比來看,美asme規(guī)范對被保護的設備和管道,安全閥開啟整定值按不超過110%設計壓力考慮,而俄規(guī)范按不超過115%設計壓力考慮,這與它們自身的強度計算規(guī)范是一致的,都是可以接受的。但對于被保護的設備和管道系統(tǒng),建議安全閥開啟整定值取用不超過110%設計壓力為好。另外對安全閥整定壓力的正負容差,建議取用美標準要求,zui大范圍為3%。 參考文獻 [1]文中第2節(jié)所列各種規(guī)范 [2] 張中岳,鮑養(yǎng)民,黃經(jīng)紹《核動力裝置設備和管道強度計算規(guī)范》評價1997年l0月 [3] 王繼東 《壓水堆核電廠物項分級的技術(shù)見解》1997年3月 [4] 陳志奇,王紅玉,蔡景濂,倪純?nèi)识砹_斯法規(guī)標準專題評價報告,《安全分級》 1997年l0月 [5] 劉純一,王紅玉,王曉江俄羅斯法規(guī)標準評價報告,《核電廠設備和管道的閥門通用技術(shù)要求》otf•87評價 1997年l0月 [6] b.b.шиpяeγ.h.иbаhbo.tianwannppjustification report-for the isolationvalves in the pressureboundary of the rcs to meet class l requirmentsofasme |