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ouword{var newwords;newwords = unescapewords;document.writenewwords;} ouword; 在供熱和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中常出現(xiàn)冷熱不均，部分用戶室溫不達(dá)標(biāo)，主要原因是水力工況不平衡，即各個(gè)熱用戶的水流量分配不合理，解決這個(gè)問題只有靠平衡閥來完成。 供熱系統(tǒng)在傳統(tǒng)的供熱體制下是一種平均分配的供熱模式，這種供熱模式一般采取定流量的質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)。晉城市熱網(wǎng)采取的就是這種供熱模式，在這種供熱模式指導(dǎo)下，在每個(gè)熱用戶的系統(tǒng)所有入口全部安裝了自力式流量平衡閥，但在安裝和使用中存在一些問題。 以臨汾華松閥門有限公司生產(chǎn)的自力式流量平衡閥和自力式壓差控制閥為例，簡(jiǎn)要說明它的原理和應(yīng)用。 1 自力式流量平衡閥 1.1 工作原理 當(dāng)介質(zhì)進(jìn)入主閥時(shí)，進(jìn)口壓力為p1，手動(dòng)節(jié)流閥的前后壓力分別為p2和p3，當(dāng)節(jié)流閥開啟到某一位置時(shí)，即人為確定了“定流量”，以及相對(duì)應(yīng)的固定值（p2-p3），當(dāng)系統(tǒng)流量增大時(shí)，（p2-p3）的實(shí)際值超過了允許的給定值，此時(shí)，主閥、閥芯自動(dòng)關(guān)小，直至流量重新維持到設(shè)定流量，反之亦然。 1.2缺點(diǎn) 產(chǎn)品一般要求zui小工作壓差為20kpa。如果安裝在zui不利回路上，勢(shì)必要求循環(huán)泵多增加2m水拄的工作揚(yáng)程。晉城市普便安裝自力式流量平衡閥的做法是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)采取離換熱站（或直供低溫水的鍋爐房）近的樓安裝，如果用戶離換熱站距離大于供熱半徑的80%時(shí)就不宜安裝這種自力式流量平衡閥。 1.3 安裝位置 熱網(wǎng)近端流量過大，遠(yuǎn)端流量過小，近端資用壓頭大于用戶需壓頭，必須用閥門消耗富余壓頭，即閥門壓頭=富余壓頭=資用壓頭-需用壓頭。 圖1（a）為熱用戶平衡閥門安裝位置及各壓力點(diǎn)，如果用戶供水管安裝平衡閥調(diào)網(wǎng)，則p3近似等于p4，p2壓力線見圖1（b），近乎平行p4。如果用戶回水管安裝平衡閥凋網(wǎng)，則p2近似等于p1，p3壓力線近乎平行p1。戶內(nèi)實(shí)際供水壓力為p2，回水壓力為p3，如果壓力過低會(huì)倒空，壓力過高會(huì)導(dǎo)致鑄鐵暖汽片超壓。因此，晉城市平衡閥全部裝于回水管的做法是錯(cuò)誤的。正確的做法是：對(duì)地勢(shì)比較低的建筑可裝在供水管上，消耗壓頭后保證戶內(nèi)不超標(biāo)，在地勢(shì)比較高的建筑可裝在回水管上，以保證戶內(nèi)不倒空。在供熱半徑很大，外網(wǎng)供回水壓差很大時(shí)，應(yīng)該在入戶供水管安裝自力式流量平衡閥，在地形高差不超過10m的建筑群的分支回水管上安裝手動(dòng)的平衡閥。這里自力式流量平衡閥負(fù)責(zé)控制分配流量，手動(dòng)平衡閥調(diào)整壓力，使閥前壓力達(dá)到0.25mpa的滿水運(yùn)行工況。 1.4 供熱運(yùn)行 近年來，晉城熱網(wǎng)循環(huán)泵普便配備了變頻器，在氣溫變化時(shí)，質(zhì)量并調(diào)既溫度和流量同時(shí)調(diào)整。這種采用室外溫度單一參數(shù)控制熱源循環(huán)泵的轉(zhuǎn)速，實(shí)現(xiàn)變流量運(yùn)行的模式稱作熱源主動(dòng)變流量。這種情況下，當(dāng)系統(tǒng)流量變小時(shí)，近端用戶回路自力式流量平衡閥動(dòng)作，維持流量不變，而遠(yuǎn)端用戶回路流量將嚴(yán)重不足，這也是晉城市熱網(wǎng)供熱效果不好的原因。 在熱源主動(dòng)變流量這種情況下，自力式平衡閥不能保證水力工況平衡。如果熱網(wǎng)總流量變?yōu)樵瓉淼?5%時(shí)，要求各個(gè)熱用戶的流量也變?yōu)樵瓉淼?5%，自力式平衡閥完不成這個(gè)任務(wù)，只有靠手動(dòng)平衡閥的調(diào)整等量凋節(jié)系統(tǒng)流量，實(shí)現(xiàn)水力工況平衡。但是，隨著供熱體制改革的深入，分戶控制分戶熱計(jì)量的推廣，未來的模式是用戶的熱量需求將隨時(shí)變化，熱負(fù)荷和循環(huán)流量取決于用戶的需求，又可稱作用戶主動(dòng)變流量。這種模式下，熱用戶的流量隨時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)用戶系統(tǒng)溫控閥關(guān)小，用戶系統(tǒng)流量變小，為保持原流量不變，自力式流量平衡閥會(huì)開大閥門，一直到全部打開為止。當(dāng)用戶系統(tǒng)溫控閥開大、用戶系統(tǒng)流量變大時(shí)，為保持原流量不變，自力式流量平衡閥會(huì)關(guān)小閥門，一直到*關(guān)閉。也只有自力式流量平衡閥失效，用戶的流量要求才能實(shí)現(xiàn)，自力式流zui平衡閥在這里只是一個(gè)限流閥，只起限定zui大流zui的作用。 2 自力式壓差控制閥取代自力式流量平衡閥 自力式壓差控制閥與自力式流量平衡閥同屬于變流量-定流量裝置，其區(qū)別在于自力式流量控制閥的變流量裝置在閥門本體上，而自力式壓差控制閥的變流量裝置在閥門“用戶”內(nèi)。 2.1 自力式壓差控制閥的工作原理 當(dāng)網(wǎng)路的供水壓力p1增大時(shí)，被控回路的供水壓力p2瞬時(shí)增大，隨之感壓膜的受力平衡被打破，閥瓣向關(guān)閉方向移動(dòng)，閥的阻力增大，p2又恢復(fù)到原來的大小，即p2-p3不變，反之亦然。當(dāng)網(wǎng)路的回水壓力p3增大時(shí)，隨之感壓膜的受力平衡被打破，閥瓣向開肩方向移動(dòng)，閥的阻力減小，p2增大，p2-p3恢復(fù)不變，反之亦然。當(dāng)被控環(huán)路內(nèi)部的阻力發(fā)生改變，比如某一支路關(guān)斷，環(huán)路的總阻力增大，在這個(gè)瞬間p2增大，p2-p3增大，隨之感壓膜的受力平衡被打破，閥瓣向關(guān)閉方向移動(dòng)，閥的阻力增大，p2又恢復(fù)到原來的大小，即p2-p3不變，可見，無論是網(wǎng)路壓力出現(xiàn)波動(dòng)，還是被控環(huán)路內(nèi)部的阻力發(fā)生變化，均可確保被控環(huán)路的壓差恒定。 2.2 自力式壓差控制閥的特點(diǎn) 自力式壓差控制閥分為定壓薦型和可調(diào)壓型兩種，可以作閥前壓力調(diào)節(jié)、閥后壓力調(diào)節(jié)及壓差調(diào)節(jié)。 △p=sg2 p為供回水壓差為，s為為戶內(nèi)阻力系數(shù)，g為戶內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)流量。 通過控制戶內(nèi)回水壓差控制流量，用這種辦法控制流量，必須依靠便攜式流量測(cè)試儀確定，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)端用戶不會(huì)增加消耗壓頭。 2.3 安裝位置 自力式壓差控制閥用作用戶系統(tǒng)壓差調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)，可以安裝在供水上，也可安裝在回水上。兩種安裝壓差閥結(jié)構(gòu)不同，不可以互換，但可直接安在電動(dòng)閥前控制電動(dòng)閥前后壓差。安裝方法有3種： *，裝在每棟建筑物的總?cè)肟谏希?br /> 第二，裝在每棟建筑物的分入口上，住宅樓裝每個(gè)單元的入口；
第三，裝在每戶或每層的入口。 第三種方法造價(jià)zui高，*種方法造價(jià)zui低，一般認(rèn)為*種方法比較合適。 2.4 自力式壓差控制閥的作用 安裝自力式壓差控制閥后，自力式壓差控制閥消耗系統(tǒng)的富余壓頭可以隔絕用戶間流量變化互相干擾作用，被控系統(tǒng)可在水壓作用下，自動(dòng)消除管網(wǎng)的富余壓頭及壓力波動(dòng)引起的流量變化，有助于穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行工況。自力式壓差控制閥可以解決高低建筑直連和地形高低產(chǎn)生的壓力差問題。 在供熱系統(tǒng)初啟動(dòng)和嚴(yán)寒時(shí)，用戶的用熱需求可能超過系統(tǒng)的供熱能力，自力式壓差控制器可以限制近端用戶保證遠(yuǎn)端用戶供熱的效果，這些性能支持“用戶”的主動(dòng)變流量。自力式壓差控制閥可以和溫控閥很好地配合使用，滿足分戶計(jì)量供熱的變流量。 3 結(jié)語 綜上所述，在計(jì)量收費(fèi)改革的大形勢(shì)下，準(zhǔn)備計(jì)量收費(fèi)的熱用戶系統(tǒng)均應(yīng)采用自力式壓力控制器，以避免安裝熱量表后重新更換閥門。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]徐偉，鄒瑜供暖系統(tǒng)溫控與熱計(jì)量技術(shù)[m]北京：中國(guó)計(jì)劃出版社 2000 | 會(huì)員1.png)
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